Which technology is often used to examine brain activity related to cognitive processes?

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a technology specifically designed to measure electrical activity in the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp. It provides temporal resolution in tracking brain activity, making it particularly useful for investigating cognitive processes. EEG captures the rapid fluctuations in brain activity that correspond to various mental functions, such as attention, perception, and decision-making.

This method is distinctive among the options provided, as it allows researchers to observe the timing and patterns of brain responses in real-time when individuals engage in cognitive tasks. The results are crucial for understanding how different areas of the brain interact during various mental activities.

In contrast, the other technologies listed are not primarily focused on measuring brain activity related to cognitive processes. For instance, electrocardiography primarily tracks the heart's electrical activity, while X-ray imaging and CT scanning are mainly used for visualizing internal structures and diagnosing physical conditions rather than real-time neural activity. These distinctions help emphasize why EEG is the preferred method for studying cognitive processes in the realm of cognitive psychology.