What does long-term potentiation (LTP) refer to in cognitive psychology?

Long-term potentiation (LTP) refers specifically to a lasting increase in synaptic strength that occurs after a given synapse has been subjected to high-frequency stimulation. This phenomenon is significant in cognitive psychology, particularly in understanding the mechanisms of learning and memory. When neurons communicate frequently and strongly, the synaptic connections between them become more efficient, which facilitates the process of encoding information in the brain. This enhanced synaptic strength is thought to be a foundational mechanism underpinning long-term memory formation, highlighting the relationship between neural activity and cognitive processes.

The other options do not accurately describe LTP. A temporary change in synaptic strength is more indicative of short-term synaptic effects rather than the lasting enhancement associated with LTP. A decrease in the ability of neurons to communicate suggests a process like long-term depression (LTD), which is counter to what LTP is meant to represent. Lastly, the concept of memory loss related to aging does not capture the essence of LTP, which is focused on the strengthening of synapses rather than the deterioration of memory functions.