How does stress impact memory?

Stress has a significant impact on memory, particularly in the processes of consolidation and retrieval. When an individual experiences stress, especially in high-pressure situations, the body releases stress hormones such as cortisol. Elevated levels of cortisol can interfere with the functioning of the hippocampus, a brain region critical for the formation of new memories. This disruption can lead to difficulties in consolidating new information into long-term memory.

Furthermore, stress can also affect the retrieval of memories. Under stress, the cognitive resources necessary for recalling information can be diminished, making it harder to retrieve previously learned material. This dual impact, both on consolidation of new memories and retrieval of existing ones, underscores why stress can generally lead to a decline in memory performance.

In contrast, while some may believe that stress can enhance memory or have no effect, research consistently shows that significant or chronic stress typically obstructs cognitive functions, particularly memory.