How does aging affect cognitive function?

Aging has a nuanced impact on cognitive function, and the correct answer rightly highlights that it causes a decline in some cognitive abilities while leaving others relatively unaffected. Research indicates that certain cognitive domains, such as processing speed and working memory, often decline with age. However, other aspects, like accumulated knowledge and vocabulary—referred to as crystallized intelligence—may remain stable or even improve over time. This selective decline underscores the complexity of cognitive aging; it is not a simple decline across all areas.

The other choices suggest misunderstandings about the aging process. Some inaccurately imply that aging universally improves all cognitive abilities, which is not supported by evidence. Others claim that cognitive processes remain unchanged or only focus on memory retention, failing to address the broader range of cognitive functions that may be affected, such as attention, problem-solving, and executive function. Overall, understanding this complexity is vital in studying cognitive psychology and the effects of aging.